Fargo used approval voting in June to elect two at-large seats on its city council, [1] [2] [3] [4] and St. Louis used it to advance two candidates in March in the nonpartisan election mayor and aldermen.
Louis mayoral election on English Wikipedia to learn more about that election. Robert J. Weber coined the term "Approval Voting" in In this system, voters may vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses. It is typically used for single-winner elections but can be extended to multiple winners.
Approval voting is a limited form of range voting , where the range that voters are allowed to express is extremely constrained: accept or not. Each voter may vote for as many options as they wish, at most once per option. The votes for each option are tallied. The option with the most votes wins. Imagine that Tennessee is having an election on the location of its capital. The population of Tennessee is concentrated around its four major cities, which are spread throughout the state.
For this example, suppose that the entire electorate lives in these four cities, and that everyone wants to live as near the capital as possible. Supposing that voters voted for their two favorite candidates, the results would be as follows a more sophisticated approach to voting is discussed below :.
Approval voting satisfies the unanimous consensus criterion and greatest possible consensus criterion. It is strongly promoted by advocates of consensus democracy for single-winner elections. Approval voting passes a form of the monotonicity criterion , in that voting for a candidate never lowers that candidate's chance of winning.
Indeed, there is never a reason for a voter to tactically vote for a candidate X without voting for all candidates he or she prefers to candidate X. Approval voting satisfies the monotonicity criterion , the participation criterion , the Consistency Criterion , the summability criterion , the Weak Defensive Strategy criterion , Independence of irrelevant alternatives , the Non-compulsory support criterion and the Independence of equivalent candidates criterion.
As approval voting does not offer a single method of expressing sincere preferences, but rather a plethora of them, voters are encouraged to analyze their fellow voters' preferences and use that information to decide which candidates to vote for. Some strategies include:.
In the above election, if Chattanooga is perceived as the strongest challenger to Nashville, voters from Nashville will only vote for Nashville, because it is the leading candidate and they prefer no alternative to it. Voters from Chattanooga and Knoxville will withdraw their support from Nashville, the leading candidate, because they do not support it over Chattanooga.
The new results would be:. In the early s the Boston Tea Party became apparently the first US political party in modern times to employ approval voting. Additionally, the Econometric Society has used AV with certain emendations to elect fellows since ; likewise, since the selection of members of the National Academy of Sciences at the final stage of balloting has been based on AV.
Coupled with many colleges and universities that now use AV — from the departmental level to the school-wide level — at least several hundred thousand individuals have had direct experience with AV. Click these links to learn about the French study of AV and the other French study of Range Voting conducted during two real French Presidential elections. See also France election. In Fargo North Dakota amended its city charter to enact approval voting for city elections. What about the "one person, one vote" principle?
Approval voting can instead be thought of as implementing the more-fair principle that "one person gets one vote on each candidate. And with range voting , even better still. This, e. You can also regard approval as obeying the same one-person-one-vote principle as plurality voting as follows: only one of your votes gets used : the one indicating your approval or disapproval of whoever wins the election. Although AV encourages sincere voting, it does not altogether eliminate strategic calculations.
Because approval of a less-preferred candidate can hurt a more-preferred approved candidate, the voter is still faced with the decision of where to draw the line between acceptable and nonacceptable candidates.
A rational voter will vote for a second choice if his or her first choice appears to be a long shot — as indicated, for example, by polls — but the voter's calculus and its effects on outcomes is not yet entirely understood either for AV or especially for more complicated voting procedures.
While AV is a strikingly simple election reform for finding consensus choices in single -winner elections, in elections with more than one winner AV is not recommended if the goal is to mirror a diversity of views, especially of minorities; for this purpose, other voting systems should be considered.
However Fishburn and Smith both have shown with computer simulations that approval still works well in 2-winner situations where a "second round" election is used to decide between the two winners in round 1. On the other hand, minorities may derive indirect benefit from AV in single-winner elections, because mainstream candidates, in order to win, will be forced to reach out to minority voters for the approval they the mainstream candidates need to win.
While promoting majoritarian candidates, therefore, AV still induces them to be responsive to minority views. Approval winner and Condorcet winner coincide under reasonable assumptions about voter strategy. Also, the candidates showing scant support under plurality voting were better represented under approval voting.
Their supporters were able to safely vote for them, even if they had also cast votes for more electable compromise candidates. While this may sound impossible, we contend that approval voting is fairer to both major and minor parties. Under the current system, popular major party candidates sometimes lose when a strong minor party or independent candidate draws some of the support that would have otherwise been theirs.
Approval voting addresses this by allowing supporters of alternative candidates to also support a more electable frontrunner as a compromise. Additionally, alternative candidates get an accurate level of their support.
Below are graphs revealing the totals for these four systems. While this district was clearly not representative of the overall American electorate, note the relative strength of the minor party candidates compared to the major party candidates. The study authors note that their results were consistent with the official election results. The other minor party and write-in candidates also fared dramatically better.
Approval voting experimentally results in about a fifth as many spoiled ballots. The only way to spoil an approval ballot is to make the ballot unreadable—rather difficult. Have any municipalities in the US ever used approval voting? Ask Question. Asked 8 years, 10 months ago. Active 4 months ago. Viewed times. Improve this question. Ekadh Singh - Reinstate Monica 2, 2 2 gold badges 12 12 silver badges 42 42 bronze badges. Stephen Collings Stephen Collings 2, 2 2 gold badges 12 12 silver badges 29 29 bronze badges.
Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. Louis adopt an ordinance to: establish an open, non-partisan system for elections to the offices of Mayor, Comptroller, President of the Board of Aldermen, and Alderman enable voters to choose all the candidates they wish in the open, non-partisan primary allow the top two candidates to then compete in a runoff general election?
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