Overall, eleven people were treated for Ebola in the United States during the epidemic. The patient the index case died on October 8, Two healthcare workers who cared for him in Dallas tested positive for EVD. Both recovered. The diagnosis was confirmed by the CDC the next day. The patient recovered. Seven other people were cared for in the United States after they were exposed to the virus and became ill while in West Africa, the majority of whom were medical workers.
They were transported by chartered aircraft from West Africa to hospitals in the United States. Six of these patients recovered, one died. CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center in July to help coordinate technical assistance and disease control activities with partners. CDC personnel deployed to West Africa to assist with response efforts, including surveillance, contact tracing, data management, laboratory testing, and health education.
CDC staff also provided support with logistics, staffing, communication, analytics, and management. To prevent cross-border transmission, travelers leaving West Africa were screened at airports. Exit screening helped identify those at risk for EVD and prevent the spread of the disease to other countries. The United States also implemented enhanced entry screening for travelers coming from Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Mali by routing them to designated airports better able to assess travelers for risk.
During the height of the response, CDC trained 24, healthcare workers in West Africa on infection prevention and control practices. In addition, laboratory capacity was expanded in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone with 24 laboratories able to test for Ebola virus by the end of The impact this epidemic had on the world, and particularly West Africa, is significant. There were an additional 36 cases and 15 deaths that occurred when the outbreak spread outside of these three countries.
The table below shows the distribution of cases and deaths in countries with widespread transmission and countries affected by the epidemic. Graphs of reported cases , called epidemic curves, show the rate incidence of new, probable, and confirmed cases over the duration of the outbreak in the three West African countries with widespread transmission, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.
It is caused by an infection with a group of viruses within the genus Ebolavirus :. Reston virus can cause disease in nonhuman primates and pigs, but there have not been cases in people.
Bombali virus was first identified in bats in , and experts do not know yet if it causes disease in either animals or people. Ebola virus was first discovered in near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Since then, the virus has been infecting people from time to time, leading to outbreaks in several African countries. Scientists do not know where Ebola virus comes from. Based on similar viruses, they believe EVD is animal-borne, with bats or nonhuman primates being the most likely source. Infected animals carrying the virus can transmit it to other animals, like apes, monkeys, duikers and humans. The virus first spreads to people through direct contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of animals.
Ebola virus then spreads to other people through direct contact with body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from EVD. The outbreak occurred in Kikwit and surrounding areas and began with a charcoal maker in the forested areas near the city. The epidemic spread through families and hospitals. Transmission in the healthcare setting was halted almost immediately once proper protective measures were taken, such as the use of face masks, gloves, and gowns for healthcare personnel.
A scientist became ill after conducting an autopsy on a wild chimpanzee. Diagnostic testing suggested a new strain of Ebola. The patient was treated in Switzerland and recovered. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus external icon.
The outbreak occurred in several gold mining villages deep in the rainforest around Makakou. It was initially believed to be yellow fever, but some of the characteristics of the outbreak were not typical for yellow fever. In , researchers retrospectively discovered that Ebola virus was involved at the same time. Bull Soc Pathol Exot , , 97, 3, — Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into quarantine facilities in Sienna by monkeys imported from the same export facility in the Philippines that was involved in the episodes in the United States.
People were not infected. High mortality among Cynomolgus macaques was discovered in a primate facility responsible for exporting animals to the United States. Outbreak of fatal illness among captive macaques in the Philippines caused by an Ebola-related filovirus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Seroepidemiological study of filovirus related to Ebola in the Philippine external icon s.
Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into primate-holding facilities in Reston, Virginia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Alice, Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines.
Four people developed antibodies but never experienced symptoms of Ebola virus disease. Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA external icon. Centers for Disease Control. Update: Filovirus infection in animal handlers. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. The outbreak occurred in the towns of Nzara and Yambio, the same area affected by the Sudan epidemic.
The index patient in this outbreak worked at the textile factory implicated as the source of the first outbreak in Sudan. Absentee and illness records for employees indicated that the factory was not the source of infection for this outbreak.
Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread pdf icon [PDF- KB] external icon. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Case was noted retrospectively in the village of Tandala. This case had no known connection to the original Ebola outbreak in , suggesting Ebola virus is enzootic in the area. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, — external icon. This case was a laboratory infection by accidental inoculation from a contaminated needle.
British Medical Journal. The Journal of Infectious Disease. The outbreak occurred in the towns of Nzara, Maridi, and surrounding areas. The virus spread mainly through close personal contact within hospitals. Many healthcare personnel were infected. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, This outbreak was the first recognition of Ebola Virus Disease.
The index case was treated at the Yambuku Mission Hospital with an injection for possible malaria. Subsequent transmission followed through use of contaminated needles and syringes at the hospital and clinics in the area and close personal contact.
There were only 38 serologically confirmed survivors. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, pdf icon [PDF — 3. Report of an International Commission. Outbreak occurred in the Orientale province in the northeast of the country.
Outbreak occurred in the Mweka and Luebo health zones in the Kasai Occidental province. Radio broadcasts were used to deliver accurate and timely messages to the local population on EVD spread and prevention.
Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo — Update. Outbreak occurred in Kikwit and surrounding areas and began with a charcoal maker in the forested areas near the city. Transmission in the healthcare setting was halted almost immediately once proper protective measures were taken, such as the use of face masks, gloves and gowns for healthcare personnel, were instituted. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, external icon. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, pdf icon [PDF- 3.
Outbreak occurred over the border of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. Index patient was a hunter living in a logging camp.
The virus spread by close contact with infected persons. Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, — epidemiologic and health control issues [PDF- KB] external icon. Outbreak occurred in the spring in the village of Mayibout 2, located 0. A body of a dead chimpanzee found in the forest was consumed by hunters. Outbreak occurred in several gold mining villages deep in the rain forest around Makakou. It was initially believed to be yellow fever, but some characteristics of the outbreak were not typical for yellow fever.
In , researchers retrospectively discovered Ebola virus was involved at the same time. The West African Ebola epidemic, the largest in history, started with cases in the forested rural region of southeastern Guinea and reported by WHO on March 23, Soon cases were discovered in Liberia and Sierra Leone bordering countries of Guinea. The patient had no symptoms while in-flight, so passengers were not at risk. In addition, healthcare workers treating the patient were protected and carefully monitored.
Immediate identification and monitoring of all the contacts of infected people successfully stopped a broader outbreak. First known occurrence of Ebola-Reston in pigs. Strain was similar to earlier strains. Six workers from a pig farm and slaughterhouse developed antibodies but never experienced symptoms of Ebola Virus Disease. Three workers in the animal facility developed antibodies but did not get sick.
No healthcare providers were infected. Surveillance and contact tracing of contacts was initiated and by July 8, , WHO reported the outbreak over, 42 days after the last case death. One case was laboratory-confirmed. All other cases were considered probable based on clinical signs and epidemiological links. A limited outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Etoumbi, Republic of Congo, Introduction of the virus into the population started with hunters reporting close contact with wildlife that was killed or found dead.
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